Lascaux 16 –
words and compounds naming the horse
/ ©
2018 by Franz Gnaedinger
mythology becomes history (Indo-European homeland) / Zeus
(all but a simple name) / Lapiths and Centaurs (a story from the beginning of
the Bronze Age) / Titans (2 parts) / cosmology of Lascaux (3 parts) / Basque
zaldi 'horse' (a shifting compound) / PIE horse (making the test case more
specific) / IE horse sacrifice (inauguration of a king) / wild or domesticated?
(historical depth of field) / Bactra-Zariaspa and Pakistan (more toponyms) /
Hindukush Kashmir Pamir (how to get behind overformings) / an early Finnish
calendar (2 parts) / sun horse and moon bull running (Lascaux) / Hungarian moon
and sun (and the Finnish counterparts) / magic spell (enforcing a wall) / Chauvet cave (origin of a wandering tale) / tentative
etymologies of rasna 'Etruscan' and tamna 'horse' (polished compounds) / Sardegna Sardinia (another Tyrrhenian colony ?) /
Trossulum (a further horse formula
?)
mythology
becomes history (Indo-European
homeland)
The
name of Zeus has been called the only one in the Greek pantheon that poses no
problem, for it derives from something like *dyaeus. Now Derk Ohlenroth's
decipherment of the Phaistos Disc revealed the Middle Helladic name of Zeus
(around 1650 BC): Ss Ey R Sseyr.
This version is not closer to *dyaeus but farther away. My reconstruction gives
TYR as origin of Sseyr, he who overcomes in the double sense of rule and give,
present in Greek tyrant (originally a positive term, but when the maxim 'rule
and give' was turned into 'rule and take' the word became negative). TYR
emphatic Middle Helladic Sseyr (Phaistos Disc, Derk Ohlenroth) Doric Sseus
(Wilhelm Larfeld) Homeric Zeus, then also French Sieur monsieur English Sire sir,
and German Herr – a title for every man. Derivatives of TYR abound in
Central Asia, which made me locate the first Indo-European homeland on the
banks of the Amu Darya, centered in the triangle of Termez – Kunduz
– Kurgan T'upe. The second IE homeland would have been the Uralic steppes
east of the ancient Rha modern Volga, and the third IE homeland the Pontic
steppes west of the Rha Volga – Rha akin to Rhea, mother of Zeus and
Poseidon and Hades, her Gallo-Roman alter ego Epona riding a horse in lady fashion,
accompanied by a bird, a foal, and a dog, which animals remind of eagle, horse
and dog, emblematic animals of Zeus, Poseidon and Hades respectively, her main
sanctuary Alesia at the base of Mont RŽa, near a spring of the river Seine. The
horse of the first IE homeland (that became later Bactria, rich in horses) was
called AS PAC, upward AS horse PAC, naming little but strong pony-like horses
used for carrying loads up a slope of a hill or mountain, accounting for
Avestan aspa 'horse' and Sanskrit asva 'horse', while the emphatic form PAC AS
AS, horse up up, named the winged horse Pegasos Pegasus, originally the
embodiment of the hot summer wind Afghanetz that blows from the Aral Sea upward
to the Hindukush, and, as horse of poetry, indicates an original saga or even
epic from that region, an oral epic fragments of which survive in the oldest
layer of Greek mythology. Now the horse of the second and third homeland was
called by a phonetically similar but semantically different compound, AC PAS,
an expanse of land with water AC everywhere (in a plain) PAS – riding
this animal you can get everywhere in the Eurasian steppes ... (PR slogan of an
IE horse breeder ;-)
AS PAC aspa asva PAC AS AS Pegasos Pegasus
AC PAS hippos equus Epona hevonen
PIE
subsumes all those horse names under *H1ekwos. Magdalenian makes a difference:
two compounds and groups of derivatives.
My
Latin dictionary says that the etymology of Latin caballus 'horse' is unknown.
For this word we have to go back to Lascaux. Marie E.P. Kšnig identified the
bull as moon bull, and the horse as sun horse. My reconstruction yielded CA LAB
for the winter sun horse, sky CA cold LAB, accounting for gallop and German
Klepper Ô(old) nagÕ; CA BEL or longer CA BEL IAS for the spring sun horse, sky
CA warm BEL healing IAS, the warm sun healing ailments of a long and harsh
winter, accounting for ABelios AFelios Helios, the Greek sun god with a
quadriga of horses; and the summer sun horse CA BAL, sky CA hot BAL, accounting
for Latin caballus and Spanish caballo. Hear them run across the heavenly
pastures
CA LAB CA LAB CA LAB CA LAB ...
CA BEL CA BEL CA BEL CA BEL ...
CA BAL CA BAL CA BAL CA BAL ...
What
about German Ross wherefrom English horse? The inverse of TYR for an overcomer
is RYT for a spear thrower, archer, Greek rhytaer 'archer, protector'. RYT
accounts for German Reiter English rider, also for German Ritter 'knight'
originally a riding archer, and for German Ross 'horse' an emphatic form of
RYT, parallel to TYR Sseyr, and for the item Ross und Reiter 'horse and rider'.
The
horse is the Indo-European animal par excellence. It was domesticated with
bites cast from bronze. Bronze is the alloy of copper and tin. Copper ore and
the tin ore cassitterite are associated in mines of the Alai Mountains above
the first IE homeland on the banks of the Amu Darya, triangle of Termez and
Kunduz and Kurgan T'upe. All comes together in that region.
Sir
William Jones located the Indo-European homeland in greater Iran. Subsequently
it was placed "anywhere from the North to the South Poles, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific" (Mallory and Adams 2006). Now we can return to
the first location, greater Iran, but with more precision. It would have been
the land of Tiras mentioned in the Bible (Genesis 10:2), land of the
worshippers of TYR AS, the overcomer TYR Sseyr Sseus Zeus, up above AS (in the
sky), his emblematic animal the eagle; his brother Poseidon, originally a river
god, his emblematic animal the horse, a herd of running horses undulating like
waves; and their brother Hades, originally the god of mines, then of the
Underworld, his animal the dog, once guarding the precious ores extracted from
mines, then the guard of the Underworld. – Seen from the right angle,
mythology becomes history.
Another
memory of the first IE homeland would have been the oral epic of AD LAS
Atlantis, a story of the First World before the Flood, toward AD mountain LAS, Eurasia
oriented toward the world mountain in the center of the world island, populated
by the First Race residing on the mountain, a reflex of which is found in the
palace of Menelaos near the beginning of book 4 in the Odyssey.
Zeus (all but a simple name)
Test
cases in historical sciences require discussions of conflicting opinions: who
has the better arguments and can explain more with less effort? (Bacon's razor)
theos / deus Zeus Proto-Indo-European
theos deus / Zeus Magdalenian
DhAG
meaning able, good in the sense of able, accounts for Greek theos and Latin
deus (incompatiblše in PIE, well compatible in Magdalenian), while the emphatic
doubling DhAG DhAG able able named the supreme Celtic god Dagda, the good god
in the sense of the able god (Barry Cunliffe). Consider also Sumerian dingir
(with a nasal infix) announcing a deity. Magdalenian TYR for the one who
overcomes in the double sense of rule and give accounts for Zeus – TYR
emphatic Middle Helladic Sseyr (Phaistos Disc, Derk Ohlenroth) Doric Sseus
(Wilhelm Larfeld) Homeric Zeus.
Zeus
was an emanation of the supreme sky and weather god of the Chalcolithic and
Bronze Age and Iron Age who was named by a double formula
ShA PAD TYR AS CA
DhAG PAD TYR AS CA
ruler ShA activity of
feet PAD overcomer TYR upward AS sky CA
The ruler ShA goes
ahead PAD and overcomes in the double sense of rule and give TYR
up above AS in the sky
CA / The able one DhAG ... (repetition)
ShA
PAD TYR Jupitter Jupiter Jovis Giove, DhAG PAD TYR Dis pater, byname of Jupiter
/ TYR Sseyr Sseus Zeus, DhAG Dios, genitive of Zeus / DhAG theos deus /
ShA...CA DhAG...CA Jahwe, rider of clouds from Mount Seir (!) in the Negev /
ShA PAD Shiva and the TYR CA Durga emanation of his wife ...
Then
we have ShA PAD Japhet and TYR AS Tiras in the Bible (Genesis 10), the latter a
worshipper of the overcomer TYR up above AS, TYR Sseyr Sseus Zeus up above in
the sky, founder and ruler of the first Indo-European homeland on the middle
course of the Amu Darya, perhaps from AMA TYR, mother AMA of TYR (Sseyr Sseus
Zeus), Rhea from REO meaning river, once naming the Volga, formerly the Rha
between the second IE homeland in the Uralic steppes and the third IE homeland
in the Pontic steppes, Rhea Minoan Rheia the mother of TYR Sseyr Sseus Zeus,
her Gallo-Roman alter ego the horse goddess Epona.
Lapiths
and Centaurs (a story from the
beginning of the Bronze Age)
A
Greek myth informs us about the conflict between the Lapiths, a rough mountain
tribe, and the Centaurs, men with the body of a horse. When the Lapith man
Pirithous married the most beautiful Lapith woman Hippodamia, he was so happy
that he also invited the Centaurs to the wedding banquet. However, the Centaur
Eurytion drank too much, fell in love with Hippodamia, tried to abduct her, and
was killed by old Theseus. A battle ensued and was won by the Lapiths.
In
my opinion, this had originally been a story from the banks of the Amu Darya,
where the Greeks or Hellenes once had come from, GRA KOS Graekos Greek,
decorated cave GRA heavenly vault KOS, a mine decorated with colored copper ore
and glittering tin ore seen as a heavenly vault or cosmos within the Alai
Mountains where copper and tin were found in association; KAL EN Hellenoi
Hellenes, cave or Underworld or mine KAL inside EN, inside the beautiful kallos
mine with colored copper ore and the glittering tin ore cassitterite making one
think of the starry sky ...
The
Lapiths would have been the first Indo-Europeans on the banks of the Amu Darya,
centered in the triangle of Termez and Kunduz and Kurgan T'upe, living in
fortified settlements POL enveloped in palisades LOP wherefrom Lap- Lapiths.
Old
Theseus was an able one DhAG, while PIR DhAG Pirithous was the able handler of
the fire PIR that melted copper and tin and yielded bronze, bronze allowing to
cast bites that were used to domesticate horses, Greek hippon damazein naming
Hippodamia.
The
Centaur Eurytion was a well-aiming archer RYT. He fought with a branch, while
his fellow Centaurs also used rocks, meaning their arms were wooden lances and
slingshots, whereas the Lapiths used gear made of metal. The metopes on the
south side of the Parthenon show the Centaurs as old and the Lapiths as young
men.
Who
were the Centaurs? originally Afghans mining lapis lazuli and above all the
very hard green stone used for making axes in the Neolithic. They had ponies
for pack animals. When they walked next to them, they gave the funny impression
of being men with the body of a horse. The word Centaur derives from Greek
kento:r 'driver', in the given case pony drivers. They represented an old
civilization, the ending Neolithic, while the Lapiths formed a young
civilization, the beginning Bronze Age.
The
Afghan stone miners trying to abduct Hippodamia means they tried to steal
bronze that can tame horses, not just ponies, and has a parallel in a high tale
from the end of the Bronze Age, when the Trojans laid hands on the precious tin
destined for the Achaeans - abducting Helen of the white arms, Homeric symbol
of tin.
Titans (part 1/2)
Uranus
called his sons Titans meaning 'Strainers', Greek titaino 'I stretch, strain'.
In the light of Magdalenian, Titan titaino derive from the old compound DhAG
TON, the able ones DhAG make themselves heard TON – they make themselves
heard while they strain. (Achilles storming toward the approaching Trojans
resembled both a Titan and a thunderbolt from the hand of Zeus, TON tone Ton
thunder Donner Donar). Seen philosophically, the Titans personified elements of
nature and life that make themselves heard or felt or noticed one way or
another, for example Themis incarnated divine Ordinance. DhAG means able, good
in the sense of able. Among the very many derivatives are Greek theos and Latin
deus (incompatible in PIE, well compatible in Magdalenian), Sumerian dingir
(with a nasal infix) announcing a deity, and the supreme Celtic god Dagda, the
good god in the sense of the able god (Barry Cunliffe), from the emphatic
doubling DhAG DhAG able able.
The
Titans were children of Ouranos Uranus and Rhea. AAR RAA NOS was the sky god of
the Gšbekli Tepe, he of air AAR and light RAA with a mind NOS, visualized ex
negtivo by a big limestone ring ouranos.JPG He became the Greek sky god Ouranos, and the old sky god
Varuna of the Indus Valley. AC CA personified the Gšbekli Tepe as hill where
the earth AC and sky CA are meeting, or where they had been separated from each
other in the act of creation. AC CA named the Indo-European earth goddess akka,
the Hebrew mother of all life Hawwa English Eve, and, in the inverse form of CA
AC, the Greek earth goddess Gaia.
Among
their many children were a dozen Titans whom I locate in the PIE belt between
the Gšbekli Tepe in the West and Central Asia in the East. Among them were
Kronos Cronus and Rhea; among their children Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, gods of
the first Indo-European homeland on the banks of the Amu Darya, centered in the
triangle of Termez and Kunduz and Kurgan T'upe. Only that Zeus was known by
then as TYR who overcomes in the double sense of rule and give, TYR emphatic
Middle Helladic Sseyr (Phaistos Disc, Derk Ohlenroth) Doric Sseus (Wilhelm
Larfeld) Homeric Zeus. Derivatives of TYR abound in geographical names of
Central Asia.
The
Titans were overcome in that region – overcome in the sense that life and
mining in the ÔWild Wild EastÕ were regulated by Zeus who was not only a
fighter and judge but also a mediator. And then history became mythology. The
Gra KOS Graekoi Greeks and the KAL EN Hellenes wandered westward, whereupon the
events around the first Indo-European homeland were transposed into the
confines of the new Greek territory, making the old stories more gripping for a
local audience. By and by their historical core was forgotten, but luckily the
symbols including the telling names are so suggestive that their historical
ÔDNAÕ survived for millennia.
English
history contains the word story. French histoire and Italian storia mean both
history and story, and so does German Geschichte, a noun to the verb geschehen
'happen'.
People
strain and become larger than life by applying their abilities and make
themselves heard, also in stories told about them, stories condensed from
generation to generation, often assuming cosmic dimensions. The Titans were
such people, on the long way from the Gšbekli Tepe to Central Asia, from the
Neolithic 1 to the Bronze Age.
Titans (part 2/2)
Among
the many children of Ouranos and Gaia were a dozen Titans: Kronos, Koios, Krios,
Japetos, Hyperion, Okeanos (six
men) and Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosynae, Phoibe, Thetis (six women)
Remember
the Gšbekli Tepe calendar: a month had 30 days, a year 12 months plus 5 and
occasionally 6 more days, while 63 continuous periods of 30 days are 1,890 days
and correspond to 64 lunations or synodic months; mistake less than a minute
per lunation, or half a day in a lifetime.
Now
imagine a portable calendar sanctuary of a dozen smaller and a pair of larger
poles, the latter representing Ouranos and Gaia, placed in the center of a
circle of the smaller poles representing the Titans in the positions of the
hours on the dial of a mechanical watch, 12 North, 3 East, 6 South, 9 West.
Each pole of the circle would represent a month of 30 days, and the larger
poles in the center 5 and occasionally 6 more days: 3 days of the midsummer
festival (Ouranos) and 2 and occasionally 3 days of the midwinter festival,
raining season in the Gšbekli Tepe region (Gaia).
Owing
to the geographical latitude of the Gšbekli and the entire PIE belt, leading
from the region of the Gšbekli Tepe to Central Asia and the first IE homeland
on the banks of the Amu Darya, centered in the triangle of Termez and Kunduz
and Kurgan T'upe, such a calendar sanctuary could also have been used as an
astronomical observatory, offering the following sighting lines, a flat horizon
provided
8--10, 7--11, 6--12,
5--1, 2--4 North
10--8, 11--7, 12--6,
1--5, 4--2 South
11--1, 10--2, 9--3,
8--4, 7--5 East, sunrise on the equinoxes
11--1, 2--10, 3--9,
4--8, 5--7 West, sunset on the
equinoxes
10--12, 9--1, 8--2,
7--3, 6--4 midsummer sunrise
12--10, 1--9, 2--8,
3--7, 4--6 midwinter sunset
2--12, 3--11, 4--10,
5--9, 6--8 midsummer sunset
12--2, 11--3, 10--4,
9--5, 8--6 mindwinter sunrise
In
a second version, the central poles could have represented Kronos and Rhea,
metaphorically emasculating Kronos (remember the Greek myth) and replacing
Gaia, while two Titans of the second generation could have taken the empty
places in the circle, for example Atlas carrying the sky on his shoulders, and
Leto who became the mother of the twins Artemis and Apollo.
And
in a third version, TYR (Sseyr Sseus Zeus) and Hera could have replaced Kronos
and Rhea ...
This
final version could have been the calendar sanctuary of Termez on the Amu
Darya, and if the name of that place should go back to the Bronze Age, it might
originally have been TYR MmOS, the ruler of the first IE homeland having been an
offspring MmOS of the heavenly overcomer TYR.
cosmology
of Lascaux 1/3 (English horse
an assimilation?)
RYT
meaning spear thrower, archer, Greek rhytaer 'archer, protector', would have
accounted for German Ritter 'knight', originally a riding archer, and for the
item Ross und Reiter 'horse and rider', Ross an emphatic form analogous to TYR
emphatic Middle Helladic Sseyr (Phaistos Disc, Derk Ohlenroth) Doric Sseus
(Wilhelm Larfeld) Homeric Zeus.
The
Celtic-Germanic isogloss *reidh- 'ride' led from RYT to Reiter and Ritter,
while Proto-Germanic offers both *hrussa and *hursa for the horse. Are they the
same word separated by a semantically irrelevant metathesis, ore are they
derivatives of two entirely different words assimilated in naming the same animal?
Mallory
and Adams 2006 mention that *kers- 'run' was perhaps nominalized in the word
familiy of New English horse.
The
origin of *kers- 'run' might have been CER meaning stag or hind, Latin cervus
French cerf German Hirsch, also shaman or shamaness, consider Cernunnos wearing
stag antlers
RYT rhytaer (hrytaer) *hrussa Ross
RYT *reidh- Reiter, Ross und Reiter, Ritter
CER *kers- (care) *hursa horse ??
The
stag is an elegant runner. His running capacity must have been most impressive
in the giant stag megaceros, emblem of the arch shaman and arch shamaness.
Lascaux
and Altamira suggest a Divine or Cosmic Stag, and a Divine Hind or Hind Woman.
CER KOS would have been the cosmic stag, his antlers appearing in the summer
constellations we know as Sagittarius and Scorpio. His name would account for
Latin quercus 'oak' and Gaulish Žrkos 'oak forest', owing to the similar ways
that oak and stag antler branch. His consort would have been the Divine Hind
CER -: I -: or CER LIL who called life into existence, also moon bulls, thus
creating time, lunations or synodic months, periods of 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29
30 29 30 ... days. Her image as Hind Woman was the dominating winter
constellation across the sky from Sagittarius and Scorpio: ORE EON Orion, she
on the beautiful ORE bank or shore EON of the heavenly CA river or lake LAK
together CA LAK overformed by Galaxy 'Milky Way'.
CER
KOS would have been implored for running power: May he give the sun horse and moon
bull the force to run all day and night long! May he and his helpers guard the
entrances to and exits from the Underworld, passed by the sun horse and moon
bull on their daily journey, securing their way so they can run freely, without
being held up.
A
group of red stags with oversized antlers are seen in the rotunda of Lascaux,
facing a white bull and a red mare, both running side by side in clockwise
direction. The glorious rotunda symbolizes midsummer, the red mare rising above
the ledge the midsummer sun rising above the horizon, and the proud bull by her
side a full moon occurring at the same time, ideal start of an eight-year
period in the lunisolar calendar of Lascaux. Apparently the stags guard an exit
from the Underworld, granting a safe passage from the realm below to the sky
above. (They are also astronomers observing sun and moon; the arrows and lances
aimed at the animals being astronomical ideograms.)
Cernunnos
wearing stag antlers would have been a descendant of the Divine Stag. He was one
of the oldest Celtic gods, close to the supreme Dagda, the good god in the
sense of the able god (Barry Cunliffe), from the emphatic doubling DhAG DhAG
able able. The Romans equated Cernunnos with none less than Jupiter. The Celtic
lord of all the animals is depicted on the silver cauldron from Gundestrup,
Denmark, seated between a stag and further animals, wearing a torque around his
neck, and holding another torque in his raised right hand, between himself and
the stag. The torque symbolized the daily orbit of the sun horse and moon bull,
as indicated by tiny winged horses on a golden torque, and by bulls on several
silver torques – gold for the sun, silver for the moon. Cernunnos must
have cared for the cosmic order, making the world go on, giving the sun horse
and moon bull the stamina to climb the sky and traverse the Underworld and
return again on their daily journeys, running running running, always running,
day in day out.
4,800
years ago riders from the steppes between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea
arrived in Northern Europe (result of a genetic screening). A shaman in the
service of the Divine Stag was given a new task: not only imploring his
heavenly patron for the daily return of the sun horse, but also caring for
actual horses, protecting their legs with magic formulae, and then, slowly,
that shaman would have become what we now call a horse whisperer ...
CER
might well have accounted for *kers- run', also for care, then for *hursa and
the word family of English horse, in assimiltion to RYT rhytaer (hrytaer)
*hrussa Ross, part of the item Ross und Reiter 'horse and rider', Reiter and
the more emphatic Ritter via *reidh- 'ride'.
cosmology of Lascaux 2/3 (Divine or Cosmic Stag)
National
Geographics, October 1988, published a beautifully illustrated article on the
Lascaux cave. The caption to the big stag painted in the gallery says:
"Fantastic nine-point antlers rise from the profile of a red deer in the
Axial Gallery, its legs apparently left purposely incomplete, 13 dots and a rectangle
could be identifiers or hunting tallies—yet another mystery in the glory
of Lascaux."
Marie
E.P. Kšnig identified the niche at the rear end of the gallery as midwinter,
the line of descending horses as the tired winter sun horse, and the pair of
antithetic ibices as emblem of the winter solstice. From there the sun horse
moves along the gallery to the midsummer hall, in clockwise direction (like the
sun does). The pair of lovely 'Chinese' horses convey the joy of a warm spring
after a long and harsh winter. Then comes a dancing horse, just before the big
stag. This one, two meters tall, roaring, is calling out to the horses, asking
them to approach. He is the 'primum mobile' or prime mover who makes the sun
horse and moon bull run, the horse just before him dance and prance, exult in
the pleasure of the near summer – the midsummer hall begins right behind
the stag.
The
ideogram under him (read from left to right, in the running direction of the
sun horse) consists of a big dot, a standing rectangle, and a horizontal line
of 13 dots which replaces the forelegs of the stag. The big dot represents New
Year on the summer solstice, June 21 in our modern calendar. The standing
rectangle may suggest a calendar pattern of 28 by 13 pebbles for 364 days, and
the line of 13 dots the 13 months of 28 days in a year – together a
regular year of 365 days, which replaces the incomplete forelegs of the stag:
he symbolizes running time that unfolds in the running of the sun horse and
moon bull.
Now
for the "fantastic nine-point antlers" that encode a further
calendar, the lunisolar calendar of Lascaux, together with ideograms of a
subdivided square that indicate a subdivision of a square into 3 by 3 small
squares, one of those ideograms below the antithetic ibices in the midwinter
niche.
h i b
g a c
f e d
The
nine points of the antlers correspond to the nine periods of time a b c d e f g
h i, the five longer points of the right antler to the five periods a b d f h
that form an oblique cross and have 41 days each, and the four shorter points
of the left antler to the four periods c e g i that have 40 days each, in all a
regular year of 365 days.
Also
this year can be laid out with pebbles. Begin with a square of 14 by 14 pebbles
and insert a square of 13 by 13 pebbles in the spaces between. Thus you obtain
what I call a syncopic square. (The smallest syncopic square is the five on a
dice, two by two dots, and one in the middle.) Now also the period of 41 days
forms a syncopic square: 5 by 5 pebbles, inserted 4 by 4 pebbles.
Now
for the ingenious lunar aspect of this calendar. Eight subsequent periods
correspond to eleven lunations or synodic months counted in the 30 29 30 mode
or the less accurate 29 30 29 mode, for example
a b c d e f g h 41 41 40 41 40 41 40 41 sum 325
30 29 30 29 30 29 30
29 30 29 30 sum 325
If
a full moon occurs on the summer solstice, June 21, beginning of period a,
another full moon occurs eight periods later, at the beginning of period i, May
12 in our calendar. Eight years correspond to 99 lunations; then you have to
add two leap days, and take the slow shift of the lunar cycle into
consideration.
The
big stag is involved with time. He makes time go on by conveying his energy as
'primum mobile' or prime mover to the sun horse and moon bull.
Actually,
'primum mobile' was a concept of Ptolemaic astronomy, the power that makes the
moon and planets and sun and fixed stars revolve around the Earth. In the light
of Lascaux, this idea reaches far back in time.
Stags
were always depicted in cave art, however, from Lascaux onward, they gained
much importance. In the Lascaux cave have been counted eighty-five red deer,
Cervus elaphus, always placed at strategic points of a hall or gangway.
Why
had the stag been chosen as prime mover?
Cervus
elaphus, dubbed king of the woods, originally preferred open meadows and oak
forests (remember CER KOS quercus Žrkos). The male can reach a height of 170
centimeters, and a weight of 250 kilograms in France, 425 kg in the Carpathean
Mountains. He was observed and reported to leap up to ten or even fourteen
meters wide, two or even three meters high, and run a stretch of sixty
kilometers when hunted in a drive. The stag has a truly amazing running
capacity, which predestined him as prime mover in the animistic world view of
Lascaux. And he lent his power and stamina specifically to the horse
CER KOS CER S *kers- 'run' *hursa horse
Consider
also the phonetical proximity of Hirsch *hursa, Hirsch the German stag, and of
*hursa, the Proto-Germanic form of English horse.
Eyeteeth
of stags, often incised, had been widespread pendants in the Magdalenian era,
perhaps worn as amulets imploring walking and running power and stamina for a
human being from the Divine Stag? also many years, a long life from the Lord of
Time?
cosmology of Lascaux 3/3 (Divine Hind or Hind Woman)
The
Divine Hind called life into existence, in the Altamira cave also moon bulls,
thus creating time, lunations or synodic months, periods of 30 29 30 29 30 29
30 29 30 29 30 ... days. The largest animal painted in the Altamira cave is a
three meters long beautiful hind, licking the horns of a small bison under
her hind1.JPG Two stags witth oversized antlers (and
perhaps a few more almost faded ones) face the white bull of the full moon and
the red mare of the midsummer sun rising above the horizon of the ledge in the
rotunda of Lascaux, above (or among) them a hind, stretching her head and neck
forward in an expressive manner: while the stags guard the midsummer exit from
the Underworld, the hind calls the full moon and midsummer sun to come forth
and climb the sky ...
Marie
E.P. Kšnig identified the niche at the rear end of the Axial Gallery as
midwinter, the line of descending horses as the tired winter sun horse, and the
pair of antithetic ibices (in other parts of the world also opposing mountain
goats) as emblem of the winter solstice. The arcs of their horns and heads form
an 'hourglass' like this )( evoking the constellation of the Divine
Hind Woman, Orion, the dominant winter constellation, across the sky from the
summer constellations we know as Sagittarius and Scorpio, seen by then as
antlers of the Divine or Cosmic Stag CER KOS, stag (hind shaman shamaness) CER
heavenly vault KOS.
Under
the 'hourglass' appears a square
with an incomplete subdivision into 3 by 3 smaller squares: the fields of the
bottom line that mark winter in the lunisolar calendar of Lascaux, periods d e
f in the following pattern
h i b
g a c
f e d
Syncopic
square a-i 365 days, cross of
syncopic squares a b d f h 41 days
each, remaining fields c e g i 40
days each / midsummer June 21 beginning of period a / midwinter December 21 practically in the middle of period e
a 41 days from New Year, midsummer, June 21, till
July 31
b 41 days August 1 till September 10
c 40 days September 11 till October 20
d 41 days October 21 till November 30
e 40 days December 1 till January 9 midwinter practically in the middle
f 41 days January 10 till February 19
g 40 days February 20 till March 31
h 41 days April 1 till May 11
i 40 days May 12 till June 20
Eight
subsequent periods correspond to eleven lunations counted in the 30 29 30 mode
or in the less accurate 20 30 29 mode (as explained in the previous message).
The
Divine Hind was CER -: I -: or CER LIL (pronounce the lip lick -: by touching
both lips with the tip of the tongue). Among the derivatives are Hera, also
Northwest PIE *kerdeh- 'herd-series', while -: I -: alone accounts for a call
of Celtic herdsmen to their cattle that survives in the locally famous lyoba
call of herdsmen in the Swiss Canton of Fribourg, then for German Leben English
live, German Liebe English love, Ugaritic dd 'loved by' and Phoenician Dido
'Beloved One', Latin libido 'desire', Ukrainian lyalka 'doll', French Lily and
the flower lily, also German Laube 'foliage' and English lobby, German Laube
'arbor', the latter suggesting an arbor in honor of the Hind Woman appearing in
Orion, a midwinter bowary in honor of the Lady of Life. Her arbor would have
been made with fir twigs, as indicated by Altamira bulls: while some (or even
most ?) of them have regular tails in the form of 'paint brushes', others have
tails in the form of 'fir twiglets'. Apparently the Divine Hind called not only
animals out of niches and clefts in the rock but also made plants germinate and
grow.
Basque
zaldi 'horse' (a shifting
compound)
Basque
zaldi 'horse' might have turned a sounding river into a load-bearing river then
a load-bearing horse. Proto-Basque *sal-dun (long u) 'packhorse, literally
load-bearing' inspires the Magdalenian reading SAL TON for a river that runs
through the watery ground SAL of a valley or plain and makes itself heard TON
as murmuring brook rushing river thundering waterfall, then referred to a
load-bearing river, and then made a leap to load-bearing horses.
400,000
years ago, Homo erectus traversed the Wallace Strait, Indonesia, a deep sea
drift valley never less than seventeen kilometers wide, on bamboo rafts. In
Celtic times the River Seine was a busy trade route for rafts and boats
transporting commodities – a load-bearing waterway.
SAL
for the watery ground of a valley or plain named rivers like the Sihl and
Zihl/Thielle in Switzerland, and Saale in Germany. Pliny, in his Natural
History, mentions that in a region of Spain horses were called Thielodones.
Ancient Hispanic has t(h)ieldo 'horse', Ibero-Latin cieldo, and finally Basque
zaldi
SAL Saale Sihl Zihl/Thielle Thielo- t(h)iel- ciel- zal-
Magdalenian
REO meaning river named the Greek fertility goddess Rhea, Minoan Rheia, in the
light of Magdalenian a river goddess who made a valley fertile. She named
rivers like the ancient Rha modern Volga, then three rivers that spring in the
Swiss Alps, not far from each other: Rhenus Rhine, Rhodanus Rh™ne, and Reuss.
Rhea was the mother of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Her Gallo-Roman alter ego had
been the horse goddess Epona who rode a horse in lady fashion, accompanied by a
bird evoking the eagle of Zeus, by a foal evoking the horse of Poseidon, and by
a dog evoking the dog of Hades. Her main sanctuary was Alesia near one of the
springs of the River Seine.
Poseidon
was originally a river god, PAD AD DA Doric Poteidas, PAS TON Greek Poseidon:
he and his horses move PAD (activity of feet) along rivers that flow toward AD
the sea while coming from DA hills or mountains, and everywhere PAS they come
to, they make themselves heard TON – rushing water braying horses,
thundering waterfalls thundering hooves of a running herd of horses, their
bobbing heads undulating like waves ... Poseidon himself could turn into a
stallion. A gold ring from Mokhlos, Minoan Crete, shows a boat on a river with
the bow in the shape of a horse's head and neck.
TON
became -don in Poseidon, named rivers like the Don and Donau/Danube, and
accounts for Proto-Indo-European *dhen- 'run, flow' – horses run, water
flows. A further derivative of TON would have been Proto-Basque *dun (long u)
'load', first a load carried by a river, then a load carried by a horse.
Living
near a river, trading all kinds of goods on rafts and in boats, then working
with packhorses, allowed an easy transition form the sounding river to the
load-bearing river to load-bearing horses. We have then
SAL for the watery
ground of a valley
rivers like Saale Sihl
Zihl/Thielle
Proto-Basque *sal
'load'
first carried by a
river, then by horses
TON for to make
oneself heard
rivers like Don
Donau/Danube
murmuring rushing
thundering
PIE *dhen- 'run, flow'
Proto-Basque *dun
(long u) 'bearing'
first a river then a
horse bearing a load
By
the way, Basque espa-ra 'horsefly' is akin to Avestan aspa 'horse', from AS
PAC, upward AS horse PAC, originally small and sturdy pony-like horses used for
transporting loads up the slope of a hill or a mountain.
PIE
horse (making the test case
more specific)
Allan
R. Bomhard reconstructed a Proto-Nostratic verbal root I can't render properly:
*?ekh- 'to move quickly, to rage; to be furious, raging, violent, spirited,
fiery, wild' (the sign I give as question mark is a glottal stop, maybe H1, and
the final h should be tiny, in elevated position). This word has plenty
derivatives in Altaic languages, Tungus, Mongolian, Turkic, even Japanese, and
some of them imply the horse, especially the behaving of stallions (google
for: bomhard nostratic horse ).
In
the light of Magdalenian, the above Proto-Nostratic root might be a lateral
association to PAC meaning horse. PAC is present in AS PAC Avestan aspa
Sanskrit asva (and many more derivatives), upward AS horse PAC, small pony-like
horses used for transporting loads up the slope of a hill or mountain –
PAC packhorses. Emphatic PAC AS AS horse up up named the winged horse Pegasos
Pegasus, originally personifying the hot summer wind that blows from the Aral
Sea along the Amu Darya then up to the Hindukush, as emblem of poetry
testifying to an oral epic from the first Indo-European homeland on the banks
of the Amu Darya, centered in the triangle of Termez and Kunduz and Kurgan
T'upe. Later on this region became Bactria, a fertile province in the empire of
Dareios then Alexander, rich in horses, Bak- reminding of PAC for horse.
The
oldest layers of Greek mythology would originally have told stories from
Central Asia that were later on dislocated to the Greek mainland. (Originally
the GRA KOS Graikos Graikoi Greeks and KAL EN Hellenes were miner tribes from
Central Asia, laboring in 'decorated' caves GRA where colorful and glittering
ores evoked the impression of a heavenly vault KOS inside the mountain, inside
EN the Underworld KAL.)
Now
the test case regarding the Indo-European horse can be made more specific.
Proto-Nostratic *?ekh- (simplified notation) accounts for both Proto-Altaic
*ek'a (simp.not.) and Proto-Indo-European *ek-u-s *ekuo-s (simp.not.) 'horse'.
Magdalenian
PAC meaning horse had a lateral association in *?ekh- (simp.not.) and named the
horse of the first Indo-European homeland in AS PAC aspa asva (and so on),
while AC PAS dubbed the horse of the second and third IE homelands in the
Uralic and Pontic steppes east and west of the ancient Rha modern Volga
respectively: expanse of land with water AC everywhere (in a plain) PAS –
riding a horse you can get everywhere PAS in the Eurasian steppes (on earth) AC
... Hypothetical AC PAS would have accounted for *h1ekwos (version given by
Mallory and Adams 2006), Greek hippos, Latin equus, also for the name of the
Gallo-Roman horse goddess Epona, for Finnish hevonen 'horse' (and many more).
Laws
of Magdalenian, from the spring of 2005 (1, 2) and spring of 2006 (3, 4) partly
anticipated by Richard Fester
1) inverse forms have
related meanings
2) permutations yield
words around the same meme
3) D-words have
comparative forms in S-words
4) important words can
have lateral associations
The
inverse of PAC for horse is CAP for to capture horses. CAP might perhaps have
named Kabura Kabul. The stone miners on the Hindukush needed horses for
transporting lapis lazuli and mainly the very hard gray-green stone from which
blades of axes were made still in the Early Bronze Age that began in the first
Indo-European homeland at the southern base of the Alai Mountains wherein
copper and tin were associated in the same mines, their alloy yielding bronze,
and bronze bites made it possible to tame and finally domesticate horses, by
then a wild creature, especially the stallion, well described by the meanings
of the Proto-Nostratic verbal root proposed by Allan R. Bomhard.
IE
horse sacrifice (inauguration
of a king)
The
horse was the Indo-European animal par excellence. Taming not only docile mares
but also wild stallions was a big achievement. It may explain to some degree
the strange inauguration ceremony of a king. First he mated a mare in a
symbolic way (as we shall see a high priestess of a mare goddess). Hereupon a
stallion was sacrificed, dismembered, and the meat offered to various deities.
A scholar (whose name I donÕt remember) found that each leg of a horse had a
different name. From this we can conclude that the legs were consecrated to
four deities. Apparently the new king hoped to gain the prowess of a stud (by
symbolically mating a mare) and the approval of the gods (by distributing the
meat among them).
PAC
meaning horse would have accounted for Proto-Indo-European *hbhag- 'apportion'
via the sharing of the horse-meat. Bagaios was a byname of the Phrygian Zeus.
He may have watched over the distribution of the various parts of the
sacrificed stallion. A Vedic god who deified Sanskrit bagha- 'apportion' would
have done the same. An Iranian cognate of Avestan baga 'good fortune' was borrowed
into Slavic and became a word for god, bogu, Russian bog. Tocharian B pake
retains a meaning of share and is close to Magdalenian PAC for a horse. (Main IE source Mallory and Adams 2006).
A
fair distribution of the various parts of the sacrificed stallion to the gods
in a symbolical form, and actually among the assembled priests and ministers
would have meant good fortune (Avestan baga) and been a sign that the freshly
appointed king was a worthy governor in the name of the heavenly distributor
(Zeus Bagaios). In that sense the strange inauguration ceremony would have been
of a social relevance.
The
Sanskrit word for the Indic inauguration ceremony, asvamedha, contains asva
'horse' which is close to Avestan aspa 'horse', from AS PAC, upward AS horse PAC,
small pony-like horses used for transporting loads up a hill or mountain slope.
This would have been the horse of the first Indo-European homeland on the banks
of the Amu Darya, centered in the triangle Termez – Kunduz – Kurgan
T'upe.
Now
let us have a look at the names of Termez and Kunduz.
TYR
means to overcome in the double sense of rule and give. The king was an
overcomer who not only ruled but also gave, and was expected to fairly
distribute what he gave. He was considered and considered himself the offspring
MmOS of the heavenly overcomer TYR (Sseyr Sseus Zeus). Derivatives of TYR
abound in Central Asia. The king as TYR MmOS might have named Termez on the
middle course of the Amu Darya, between the steep mountains of the Pamir and
the arid plain of the Aral Sea.
If
the names Termez and Kunduz go back to the Bronze Age, the latter may
originally have been called GYN DhAG, woman GYN able DhAG. Who was the able
woman? If we can rely on Czech kun 'horse' a high priestess of a horse goddess
(maybe an emanation of Rhea who had an alter ego in the Gallo-Roman horse
goddess Epona). When a king was inaugurated, he would have performed a symbolic
union with that high priestess, and then she would have helped him distribute
the meat of the sacrificed stallion. Is it a coincidence that a town above
Kunduz – farther up the slope of the Hindukush – is called Baghlan?
Remember Sanskrit bagha-. Place names can be amazingly conservative. Landscapes
have a long memory.
wild or domesticated? (historical depth of field)
Was
the Proto-Indo-European horse *h1ekwos a wild or domesticated animal? Wild
horses were an important source of food in the Eurasian steppes. A mass horse
tomb in the Ukraine contained some three thousand skeletons, but only a very
few of domesticated horses, all others of wild horses that had been hunted for
meat.
Magdalenian
PAC named a wild horse, PEC a smaller animal, for example an ibex. PAC and PEC
account for *pekw- (tiny w in elevated position) 'cook, bake', Sanskrit pacati
'cooks' – the meat was roasted on a fire, cooked in water, or baked in a
pie.
PAC
would have named the wild horse hunted for meat. Some 6,500 years ago, horses
would have been tamed in the first Indo-European homeland, maybe in the region
of Kunduz, on the northern slope of the Hindukush. The tamed horse would have
been called AS PAC, upward AS horse PAC, small and sturdy pony-like horses used
for transporting loads up a hill or mountain, close derivatives being Avestan
aspa Sanskrit asva.
The
horse of the second IE homeland in the Uralic steppes east of the ancient Rha
modern Volga, and the horse of the third IE homeland in the Pontic steppes west
of the Rha Volga, would have been dubbed by a phonetically similar but
semantically different compound: AC PAS, an expanse of land with water AC
everywhere (in a plain) PAS - riding a horse you can get everywhere PAS on
earth AC, in the Eurasian steppes (PR slogan of an early horse breeder ;-)
Among the derivatives are *h1ekwos, Greek hippos, Latin equus, the
Gallo-Roman horse goddess Epona, and the Finnish horse hevonen.
PAC wild horse, hunted for meat
AS PAC tamed horse, used as pack animal
AC PAS domesticated horse, used for riding or
pulling a wagon
The
distinction between AS PAC and AC PAS would have held in the beginning; later
on all horses were used for carrying loads, pulling a cart or wagon, tow a boat
along a river, plough a field, and for riding. In that sense the convergence of
AS PAC and AC PAS in *h1ekwos can be justified. Only that the historical depth
of field is lost.
What
about Uzbekistan, Buchara, Bekabad -- AS PAC Uzbek-, PAC AAR RAABuchara, PAC
Bek- ???
Bactra-Zariaspa
and Pakistan (more toponyms)
Bactria
was a far eastern province in the empire of Dareios and then of Alexander,
fertile, rich in horses. Bac- reminds of PAC meaning horse. The capital of
Bactria in the time of Alexander was Baktra-Zariaspa (329/327 BC), across the
Amu Darya (Oxus) from Termez. A leader TYR who overcame in the double sense of
rule and give and saw himself as offspring MmOS of the heavenly overcomer TYR
(Sseyr Sseus Zeus) may have named TYR MmOS Termez. TYR may also have accounted
for Zar- in Zariaspa, while -aspa derives from AS PAC for a horse PAC that
carries a load upward AS a hill or mountain slope, Avestan aspa Sanskrit asva.
So we have TYR AS PAC Zariaspa, region of those who overcame TYR a wild horse
PAC and turned it into a packhorse AS PAC aspa asva.
The
etymology of the name Uzbekistan is uncertain. The favorite Sogdian reading of
Uzbek is 'genuine master'. This might perhaps preserve the meaning of TYR AS
PAC Zariaspa in the rump form of (TYR) AS PAC Uzbek via a pair of lateral
associations: one to AS for genuine, and one to PAC for master. Genesis 10 in
the Bible mentions Tiras, possibly the Indo-Europeans on the banks of the Amu
Darya ruled by an overcomer TYR in the name of the heavenly overcomer TYR
(Sseyr Sseus Zeus) up above AS in the sky – the genuine overcomer, while
he who succeeded in taming and handling the wild horse PAC was called a master.
Bukhara
became another Bactra in the time of Alexander (329/27 BC). Near it, on the Amu
Darya (Oxus) was a place called Bagai.
Bactrians
also lived in the Northern Indus Valley. On the way to the Indus can be found a
place called Peukaleotis, the region Bukephala named in honor of Boukephalos,
favorite horse of Alexander, and on the two eastern rivers of the Indus water
system the kingdom of one Phegeus. PAC may then also have named Pakistan, not
directly but via an acronym that has a meaning
Punjab Afghanistan
Kashmir (Iran) Sind baluchisTAN
Pak(i)stan Ôland of the pureÕ (Persian and Urdu pak ÔpureÕ)
The
acronym would have been formed in allusion to ancient Bactria, which included
the Indus in the time of Dareios and Alexander, while pak ÔpureÕ might go back
to the horse sacrifice that required pure bloods, the purer the breed the more
welcome to the gods.
Derivatives
of TYR abound in Central Asia, and so do derivatives of PAC. Phegeus may be
akin to Ancient Greek pheggo 'shinig, brillant' and could provide a
confirmation of hypothetical PAC AAR RAA as origin of Bukhara. Imagine a herd
of horses PAC trotting along the top of a hill, early in the morning, in a
fresh breeze, AAR meaning air, and in the golden light RAA of the rising sun
... Such a picture might once have inspired the idea of a sun horse, and of
Helios drawn by a quadriga of horses. PAC may then also account for pheggos,
while Phegeus may have seen himself as a sun king.
PIE
and Nostratic identified a lot of word twigs on the language tree, but often
they can't see the branches on which those twigs grow. Such a missing word
branch is PAC meaning horse. The amazing concentration of derivatives of PAC in
Central Asia tells me that the horse was tamed in that region, by the first
Indo-Europeans led by an overcomer TYR who ruled in the name of the heavenly
overcomer TYR (Sseyr Sseus Zeus) up above AS in the sky, TYR AS accounting for
Tiras in the Bible (Genesis 10). TYR means to overcome in the double sense of
rule and give, and a king was expected to fairly distribute what he gave, in
the way of Zeus Bagaios.
Word
branches allow scenic reconstructions, and reconstructions in the form of a
story. PIE and Nostratic revealed such a treasure that we now can proceed to
the next level in studying the language tree and evolution of the mind.
Hindukush
Kashmir Pamir (how to get
behind overformings)
Horses
were bred in a wide arc around the Hindukush (etymology uncertain), in my opinion
from AD DA KOS, origin of many rivers that flow toward AD lakes and seas while
coming from DA this high mountain range under the heavenly vault KOS. One of
those rivers contributes to the AD DA Indus, AD DA a generic river name.
We
have seen before that rivers and horses were connected. REO meaning river named
the ancient Rha modern Volga, and three rivers that spring near each other in
the Swiss Alps: Rhenus Rhine, Reuss, Rhodanus Rh™ne. REO also named the Minoan
goddess Rheia and the Greek goddess Rhea, mother of Zeus and Poseidon and
Hades. Rhea had an alter ego in the Gallo-Roman horse goddess Epona who rode a
horse in lady fashion, accompanied by a bird and foal and dog that evoke the
eagle of Zeus and horse of Poseidon and dog of Hades. The main sanctuary of
Epona was Alesia at the base of Mont RŽa, near one of the sacred springs of the
River Seine. REO also named the horse goddess Rhiannon of Wales.
AMA
REO KOS, mother AMA river REO heavenly vault KOS, may account for
Proto-Indo-European *markos 'horse' attested in Celtic and Germanic, Old Irish
marc 'horse' and English mare, connected by some with Mongolian morin. The
compound might have named the metaphorical mother AMA of rivers REO and
provider of horses under the heavenly vault KOS, while a permutation thereof
could have named Kashmir (etymology uncertain, may have to do with water)
KOS AMA REO KOSh MA RE KASh Mi R ?
The
highest peak of the Hindukush, Tirach Mir, may then be read as TYR.AC AMA.REO,
the overcomer TYR overlooks a wide expanse of land with water AC, the land of
the metaphorical mother AMA of rivers REO, as Rhea the mother of TYR Sseyr
Sseus Zeus. And Pamir? might once have been called PAC AMA REO, horses PAC
provided by the metaphorical mother AMA of rivers REO, horses tamed on the
middle course of the Amu Darya that comes rushing down from the Pamir, AMA Amu
TYR Darya, REO Rhea the mother goddess of the first Indo-European homeland
ruled by the worshipper of TYR up above AS (in the sky or on a mountain top),
Tiras in the Bible, Genesis 10 (also the etymology of Pamir is uncertain, one
assumption is a geological term that may, however, have been derived from the
formation of the Pamir).
Overformings
block the comparative method, while the scenic reconstructions of Magdalenian
– if valid – make them transparent or even dissolve them, allowing
a direct access to the original meaning of a name or place name
an
early Finnish calendar (part
1/2)
AAR
RAA NOS was the sky god of the Gšbekli Tepe, he of air AAR and light RAA with a
mind NOS of his own, visualized ex negativo by the big limestone ring ouranos.JPG AAR RAA NOS became the Greek sky god
Ouranos, the old sky god Varuna of the Indus Valley, and named the Val d'Aran,
Arundel, or the Val d'HŽrens in the Swiss Alps, a valley being a hollow between
hills or mountainfilled with air and light ...
AAR
RAA NOS in the variant of AAR RAA CA, he of air and light in the sky CA, named
the heavenly patron of Uruk in Sumer, and the Horus falcon of Ancient Egypt, in
the version of AAR RAA AC, he of air and light on earth AC Horakhty, Horus on
the horizon, his hieroglyph the solar disc in the valley between a pair of
hills.
The
eyes of the Horus falcon were sun and moon. AAR RAA CA may also have accounted
for the Finnish sun aurinka, and via the rump form (AAR RAA) CA for the Finnish
moon kuu, while kuutone 'six' and kuudes 'sixth' inspire a lunisolar calendar
based on the division of a lunation or synodic month into six periods, and the
combination of the 'lunar' number five and the 'solar' number six that are
symbolically 'married' in the number 30
young moon a lunar week of five days
waxing moon a lunar week of five days
full moon a lunar week of five days
waning moon a lunar week of five days
old moon a lunar week of five days
empty moon alternately five and four days
yielding lunations of
30 29 30 ... days
A
long lunation of 30 days are six lunar weeks and equal a month of five solar
weeks, maybe symbolizing a mythological marriage between a moon goddess and a
sun god.
Now
for the lunisolar aspect of this calendar. A year has 12 months plus a lunar
week and occasionally a solar week. 5 5 5 sum 15 lunations counted in the 30 29
30 mode yield 443 days, 6 5 6 or 17 lunations counted in the same mode 502
days, together 985 days for 32 lunations, doubled 1,890 days for 64 lunations.
1,890 days are 315 solar weeks and correspond to 64 lunations or synodic months
(lunisolar formula of the Gšbekli Tepe that was also applied in the Horus
calendar of Ancient Egypt, where a month of 30 days multiplied by the Horus eye
series 1 '2 '4 '8 '16 '32 '64 yields 29 '2 '32 days, or 29 days 12 hours 45
minutes, for a synodic month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.9 seconds, modern
average from 1989 AD; mistake less than one minute per lunation, or half a day
in a lifetime).
Finnish
viisi 'five' derives from PAS meaning everywhere (in a plain), here, south and
north of me, east and west of me, in all five places, Greek pas pan 'all,
every' pente penta- 'five'. Tsaivas 'sky' named the heavenly abode of divine
beings, notably the sun and moon, from DhAG meaning able, Greek theos Latin
deus (incompatible in PIE, well compatible in Magdalenian) English divine. And
finally SOMm for human being, Greek soma 'body', could have named the Suomi.
an early Finnish calendar (part 2/2)
Let
us play with the 'lunar' week of 5 days and 'solar' week of 6 days in the
hypothetical early Finnish calendar.
6 x 5 or 30 days for a
long lunation
6 6 5 6 6 or 29 days
for a short lunation
5 x 6 days for a month
Finnish
kuukausi 'month' containing kuu 'moon' testifies to the priority of the lunar
calendar.
5 10 15 20 25 30 ... 360
365 days for a regular year (r)
6 12 18 24 30 ... 360
366 days for an occasional leap year (l)
25
years require 6 leap years among them, here in a symmetric arrangement
r r l r r r l r r r l
r r r l r r r l r r r l r r
This
excellent formula can be found by means of an additive number sequence. Begin
with 365 days for one year and add repeatedly 1461 days for four years (in the
way that was forbidden in school
;-)
365/1 (plus 1461/4) 1826/5 3287/9 4748/13 6209/17 7670/21 9131/25 (19 x 365 plus 6 x 366)
The
same value might have been known to the astronomers of Tell Halaf in Syria nine
millennia ago (possibly encoded in a beautiful bowl).
Consider
again the symmetric line of 25 years. This time one leap year (l) is marked by an
upper case L
r r l r r r l r r r l
r r r l r r r L r r r l r r
19
years denoted by L are 6,940 days (fourteen regular years plus 5 leap years) or
1,388 lunar weeks or 235 lunations. The so-called Metonic cycle (235/19) is
provided by another lunisolar sequence. Begin with 12 12 13 sum 37 lunations
for 3 years (known from a Celtic calendar) and 99 lunations for 8 years
(Lascaux, dingir calendar of Sumer) and add the numbers pairwise (again in the
'forbidden' way)
37/3 99/8 136/11 235/19 371/30
This
lunisolar sequence was used by the Minoans a thousand years before Meton
(Knossos 235/19, Mallia 371/30), and probably still earlier in Mesopotamia,
and, why not, in Finland.
sun
horse and moon bull running
(Lascaux)
Marie
E.P. Kšnig identified the bull of Lascaux as moon bull, the horse as sun horse,
the niche at the rear end of the Axial Gallery as midwinter, the pair of
antithetic ibices as emblem of the winter solstice, and the line of descending
small black horses as the tired winter sun horse.
The
winter sun horse would have been called CA LAB, sky CA cold LAB, accounting for
gallop and German Klepper '(old) nag'. The lovely pair of 'Chinese' horses
running from the niche to the rotunda is the spring sun horse CA BEL, in a
longer form CA BEL IAS, sky CA warm BEL healing IAS, the warm sun healing
ailments of a long and harsh winter, ABelios AFelios Helios the Greek sun god
with a quadriga of horses. The rotunda symbolizes midsummer, the red mare
rising above the ledge the midsummer sun rising above the horizon, CA BAL, sky
CA hot BAL, Latin caballus (etymology not interpreted, says my dictionary)
Spanish caballo French cheval.
The
proud white bull running by her side represents a full moon occurring at the
same time, ideal start of an eight-year period in the lunisolar calendar of
Lascaux. Ideograms marking the bulls of the rotunda suggest six lunar phases: 3
days of the young moon, 6 days of the waxing moon, 9 days of the full moon, 6
days of the waning moon, 3 days of the old moon, alternately 3 and 2 days of
the empty moon German Leermond, yielding lunations of 30 29 30 29 30 29 30 29
30 29 30 ... days. The six lunar phases would have been named by the
permutations of GEN, the three days of the young moon by GEN itself, genesis, the
three days of the old moon by the inverse NEG, negation.
A
compound parallel to CA BAL named the full moon CA LUN, sky CA of the full
round form LUN (the inverse NUL accounting for Latin nihil 'nothing' French nul
'no, none' English nul and German Null 'zero'). CA LUN became the Greek moon
goddess Selaenae and the Roman moon goddess Luna and accounts for glina 'moon'
in the language of the eastern Swiss Alps, Rumantg, CA preserved in the initial
g- of glina.
Now
hear the sun horse and the bull of the full moon run
CA LAB CA LAB CA LAB CA LAB ...
CA BEL CA BEL CA BEL CA BEL ...
CA BAL CA BAL CA BAL CA BAL ...
CA LUN CA LUN CA LUN CA LUN ...
cosmic
horse and wheel of spacetime (a
fable based on Hungarian)
The
sky god AAR RAA NOS of the Gšbekli Tepe, he of air AAR and light RAA with a
mind NOS (of his own) had the say ) or L. AAR RAA ) or AAR RAA L named the Aral
Sea, the Uralic steppes of the second Indo-European homeland, the Ural, and
accounts for Hungarian ural 'rule'. AAR RAA is present in Greek hora and Latin
hora, time words of many meanings, also in German Uhr Hungarian ora 'clock,
watch'. AAR RAA again accounts for Latin aura also aurum 'gold' and for
Hungarian arany 'gold'.
Hungarian
is an Uralic language. Consulting a small Hungarian dictionary inspired a fable
around a possible myth from the Nation of Towns in the Transural, a
concentration of circular miner settlements from the Bronze Age.
In
the beginning the Divine Stag and Hind CER made the cosmic wheel of space and
time, Hungarian kšr 'circle' kereh 'round' kerŽk 'wheel' kering 'circulate'
kerit 'fence in, encircling', and made it according to the PAS cross, kereszt
'cross', PAS meaning everywhere (in a plain), here, south and north of me, east
and west of me, here associated with the positions of the hours on the dial of
a mechanical watch that goes back to the ideal calendar sanctuary of the
Gšbekli Tepe
center, here, now
North, midwinter, December,
position 12/0 on a dial
East, spring or vernal
equinox, March, position 3 on a dial
South, midsummer,
June, position 6 on a dial
West, autumn equinox,
September, position 9 on a dial
By
turning the PAS wheel or cross you obtain the positions 1 4 7 10 for January
April July October, then 2 5 8 11 for February May August November. The cosmic
wheel of spacetime was represented by a circle of a dozen poles (ideal Gšbekli
Tepe calendar model) and integrated into the enveloping palisade or wall LOP of
a circular settlement POL, the small circle of a settlement standing for the
big circle of the world.
Now
the Divine Hind called a horse PAC into life, and the Divine Stag made it run
run run around the world, along the cosmic loop LOP, toward AD one 'monthplace'
while coming from DA the previous one. AD DA was a generic
river
name but here it may have accounted for Hungarian idš (long š) 'time', and LOP
PAC for Hungarian lo 'horse' lovak 'horses'.
AC
PAS named the horse of the second Indo-European homeland in the Uralic steppes
that carries a rider everywhere PAS on earth AC, but would also have named the
cosmic horse running around the earth AC along the PAS wheel of the turning PAS
cross, Hungarian kerek 'wheel' kereszt 'cross'. AC PAS accounts for *h1ekwos
hippos equus Epona hevonen, and possibly also for Hungarian havi havonkent
havonti 'monthly' ...
The
Indo-Europeans in the Uralic steppes were an elite whose language left only a
few traces in the Uralic languages, moreover, Magdalenian words were lost, for
example PAS, or they shifted, are hidden and require a scenic reading, for
example CER meaning stag or hind, shaman or shamaness. This word has a direct
derivative in Hungarian szarvas 'stag' but also shifted to the above host of ker-words
and may suggest that the wheel kerkŽk was invented by shamans in the Uralic
steppes, then enlarged to the cosmic wheel of spacetime.
Hungarian
moon and sun (and the Finnish
counterparts)
A
longer version of AAR RAA NOS for the sky god of the Gšbekli Tepe, visualized
ex negativo by the big limestone ring, also AAR RAA ) or AAR RAA L for the one
who has the say, might have been
AAR RAA CA NOS
LOP (AAR raa CA nos
LOP)
he
of air AAR and light RAA in the sky CA with a mind NOS follows his orbit LOP
(originally a palisade or wall around a settlement, accounting for envelop,
loop, and German Loipe 'circuit'). Consider the Egyptian AAR RAA CA Horus
falcon whose eyes were moon and sun. Both moon and sun traveled along the
swaying kha channel, identified with the band of the ecliptic by Rolf Krauss.
RAA alone named Ra, the supreme god appearing in the solar disc. The Egyptian
deities were believed to have been made from metals, Ra from gold, "a
mountain of gold." Remember AAR RAA NOS Hungarian arany 'gold'.
CA
NOS in the long name above would have accounted for Greek Chaos, father of AAR
RAA NOS Ouranos Uranus, also for Proto-Uralic *kanu (kangu) 'moon' wherefrom
Finnish kuu 'moon' and Hungarian hold 'moon' (quite a phonetical shift). AAR
RAA CA again would have named the Finnish aurinko 'sun' while NOS LOP may be
the origin of of Hungarian nap 'sun', a word which defied etymology until now
NOS LOP NO OP Na aP nap
German
Aar, Kšnig der LŸfte, is an old word for 'eagle, king of the airs (plural)'.
Remember the Val d'Aran, Arundel, or the Val d'HŽrens in the Swiss Alps, a
valley being a hollow between hill or mountains filled with air and light, a
mountain valley the kingdom of an Aar ...
The
eyes of AAR RAA NOS are depicted on a stone tablet from Jerf el-Ahmar,
Northwestern Syria, close to the Euphrates and Anatolian border, 10th
millennium BC (between 12,000 and 11,000 years old). In my opinion it shows how
the Gšbekli Tepe was built. One side features plenty fur or leather bags filled
with clay; in the center of the top row a wide pair of horns that invoke the
bull emanation of the sky god, between the horns the big hill: a limestone
outcrop some four hundred meters across, covered by humans with earth layers up
to five meters deep, which required maybe two million fillings of leather bags
– a pharaonic enterprise undertaken some 12,000 years ago. The people
carrying bags upward to the top of the hill must have looked like a procession
of ants ... tablets.GIF On the other side we see a
temple under construction, four standing pillars, a worker ant erecting a
further pillar, above a pair of rings in the sky, moon and sun, eyes of the sky
god, the ring on the right side emitting a ray, next to the ring on the left
side a snake heading downward, symbol of rain. Snakes are by far the most
frequent element in the Gšbekli
Tepe iconography. Snakes heading upward symbolize prayers for rain, and the
rising smoke of sacrificial fires imploring rain from the sky god, snakes
heading downward falling rain, and snakes undulating horizontally rivers, also
water used for the irrigation of fields, running through channels. AAR RAA NOS
in that sense, provider of rain, accounts for Latin urina 'actually water' and
in the form of Varuna for Sanskrit var(i) 'water'. The first stone pillar
temples were built 11,600 years ago. The region was fertile, a paradise of lush
meadows, groves, and game galore. However, being on the southern margin of the
Fertile Crescent, water became an issue with agriculture invented in that
region.
The
culture of the Neolithic I spread in all directions, making the name of the old
sky god reach Egypt in the South and Finland in the North, the Indus Valley and
Ural in the East and Europe in the West.
magic
spell (enforcing a wall)
POL
named a fortified settlement, Greek polis, German Bollwerk English bulwark,
also Italian villa 'mansion', French and English village (pronounced
differently), French ville 'town', Hungarian falu 'village'. Inverse LOP named
the enveloping hedge, fence, palisade or wall. POL LOP Peloponnese was a region
of fortified settlements POL enclosed in palisades or walls LOP, and PAS LOP
Penelope the Homeric personification of the Peloponnese and especially the
Argolis, everywhere PAS enveloping palisades or walls LOP. A so-called cyclopic
wall surrounded a fortified settlement of the Bronze Age whose organization was
denoted by the compound CO OC LOP, in the center the ruler of the focused mind
CO surrounded by guards of the open eyes OC along the palisade or wall LOP.
Derivatives of LOP reveal a metaphorical use of the word: Greek lopos 'shell
skin husk, bark rind', French enveloper English envelop, English loop and
looping, lap in the sense of a 'circuit round', German Loipe 'circuit' Lauf
'run, race' laufen 'to run, race' Laufbahn 'career' Umlaufbahn 'orbit' Schlaufe
'loop'. POL took over LOP in palisade and wall, while POL and LOP are exchanged
in Hungarian telep 'settlement' and fal 'wall'.
The
wall around a fortified settlement of the Bronze Age brings back the horse.
When
Achilles gained victory over towering Hector, he dragged him three times around
the walls of Troy with his horse-pulled cart – a ghastly act for which
Eberhard Zangger found a plausible explanation: Achilles broke a magic spell
that enforced the mighty walls of Troy.
We
have archaeological evidence for such a wall-enforcing magic spell in the
Tiryns side or disc of the Phaistos Disc (deciphered by Derk Ohlenroth) which is
a perfect illustration of the CO OC LOP idea, representing Tiryns in the Middle
Helladic period of time, around 1 650 BC, the margin the former palisade around
the limestone hill, and the inscription all along the margin a quadruple
banning formula of archaic power. CO OC LOP named the English wheel and
Sanskrit chakra via *kwekwlos, while the Hungarian wheel kerŽk informs us that
it was invented by a shaman CER.
Now
remember the wheel-shaped miner settlements in the Nation of Towns in the
Transural. Imagine a shaman riding or wheeling around such a town once a year,
enforcing the palisade or wall with a magic spell. A myth could then have
widened this ritual to an idea of the cosmos, the wheel of spacetime kept in
motion by a cosmic horse, LOP PAC lo 'horse' lovak 'horses' lovas 'rider' lovag
'knight' in Hungarian. In the wake of Newton the cosmos became a clockwork, in
our time it is understood as a computer, the world as hologram generated by the
information stored in the 'lopos' of a huge sphere – the technology of an
epoch shapes the idea of the cosmos, not only today, it also did so in the
past.
Chauvet
cave (origin of a wandering
tale)
In
the time of Chauvet fast moving Arcturus was the head of the constellation we
know as Bootes 'Herdsman'. By then, more than 30,000 years ago, it may have
been ARC TYR, overcomer TYR of the cave bear ARC, the cave bear (bigger than a
grizzly) seen in the American Big Dipper, part of Ursa major 'big(ger) Bear'.
The Brunel chamber of the Chauvet cave shows a large domino five in red ocher
applied with a palm which I read as PAS meaning everywhere (in a plain), and a
further palm impression in elevated position which I read as CA for sky,
together PAS CA - may the supreme leader of the Lower Rhone Valley, the bullman,
be born again in the heavens, and may he roam the sky in his next life as he
roams the land in this life, may he get everywhere PAS in the sky CA ... The
bull(man) is shown on a stalactite in the rear hall of the Chauvet cave, his
head before the womb of a Venus woman symbolizing a birth in the sky, her large
black pubic triangle indicating the Summer Triangle Deneb – Vega –
Atair on the Milky Way. The eminent PIE scholar and expert on the Rig Veda
Michael Janda deduced a Stone Age belief in a rebirth somewhere on the Milky
Way from the Rig Veda. The Chauvet cave might have been the stage for an opera
showing the adventures of the bullman in the sky, beginning with the Summer
Triangle, then proceeding to further constellations. Picture an actor / dancer
/ singer performing in the cave, torches casting his shadow on the walls,
accompanied by drum beats and the piercing sounds of flutes made from delicate
swan bones ...
This
tall tale would have survived in the legend of Arthur of Britain who fought for
three days and three nights with the dragon from Lannion in Brittany –
skulls and bones of the long extinct cave bear were misunderstood as remains of
dragons. The sky god AAR RAA NOS Ouranos Varuna in the alternative form of AAR
RAA CA, he of air AAR and light RAA in the sky CA lived on for example in the
'golden boy' Muruku (Latin aurum 'gold' Finnish aurinka 'gold') identified by
Asko Parpola on a tablet from the Indus Valley. In a lost oral epic (long
before the Tamil epic) he would have been the bringer of civilization who also
featured some elements of nature, for example the mythical rhinoceros drank up
all the water of a river (Behemoth in the Bible) and thus caused a draught,
nobody could cope with it, but then Muruku came, pulled the Spica lance (in the
tale of Arthur the magic sword only he could get out of the rock) and pierced
the hard skin of the swollen beast (Bootes again, with Arcturus for the head in
bottom position) and thus released the first monsoon ... (a humoristic element
in mythological cosmology).
The
old tales were told and retold, filled with ever more elements, and finally
almost entirely overgrown.
tentative etymologies of rasna
'Etruscan' and tamna 'horse' (polished compounds)
RYT
meaning spear thrower, archer, has a derivative in Greek rhytaer 'archer,
protector', a double derivative in German Ross und Reiter 'horse and rider',
originally a riding archer, several derivatives in Etruscan, maby also in rasna
by which the Etruscans called themselves. TYR means overcomer, inverse of RYT.
And NOS means mind, Greek nous
RYT NOS Ras Na rasna 'Etruscan'
The
Etruscans as riding archers with a mind of their own?
TYR NOS Tam Na tamna 'horse'
The
horse as overcomer, leaping over obstacles, with a mind of its own = full of
temperament? (The sun horse needed this vitality in climbing the sky, in
traversing the Underworld, and in guiding a soul through the gate of the
beyond.)
Latin
tamnius 'wild vine' is a word of Etruscan origin
TYR NOS Tam NiuS tamnius 'wild vine'
The
wild form of vitus vinifera, originating in the Mediterranean, reaching a
climbing height of fifteen meters, as another overcomer with a metaphorical
mind of its own?
(The
shift from TYR to an m-form has a parallel in TYR PAS French temps 'weather and
time' - TYR Sseyr Sseus Zeus overcoming everybody everywhere PAS in weather and
time. TYR PAS also named Taruwisa Troy as overcomer everywhere, controlling the
entire region and the crossing trade ways.)
Where
did the mythical or historical Tyrrhenus come from? Lydia, says Herodot, and he
is right: both human and bovine Etruscan DNA indicate Lydia, especially the
region of Smyrna modern Izmir. Tyrrhenus would have worshipped TYR (Sseyr Sseus
Zeus), a son of REO (Rhea), while the Tyrsenoi worshipped TYRSANOS (mentioned
on an Etruscan shard found in the agora of Athens) or SATYRNOS (Saturnus
Saturn, founder of the golden age of Latium), consider Etruscan Saturnia - the
heavenly one overcomes TYR from above, in downward direction SA, and has a mind
NOS of his own. Judging by a host of derivatives meaning tower, Tyrrhenius let
build many towers (perhaps with a shrine of TYR inside). His people could have
lived along the Hermos, between Sardes and Smyrna, Smyrna perhaps a strongly
polished form of Saturnia (consider Edinburgh called Embra by the locals), and Sardes of
TYR DhAG, the (heavenly) overcomer TYR is able DhAG. The proto-Etruscans would
have been migrants from various minor peoples around the once mighty Hittite
empire.
Hermos
reminds of Hermes, alter ego of Homer in the Odyssey, Homer 2 from Smyrna.
Hermes can be read as CER MmOS, offspring MmOS of the shaman CER, or of
Cernunnos, lord of the animals, depicted on the silver cauldron from
Gundestrup, Denmark, that was crafted by Galataean Celts in Anatolia. Cernunnos
was closely connected with the supreme Celtic god Dagda, from DhAG DhAG able
able. If we equate him with TYR, Hermos becomes TYR MmOS and then Turms,
Etruscan for Hermes.
The
proto-Etruscans in Lydia, dwelling along the Hermos, lived in huts, villages
and fortified settlements POL made of wickerwork PLO, together POL PLO
wherefrom Etruscan poplo Latin populus Italian popolo French people English
people. Latin populus also names the poplar tree, indicating that the quickly
growing vertical twigs of Populus niger were used as upshoots in wickerwork,
while flexible willow twigs were used for the vertical elements, poplar trees
and willows growing in meadows along rivers (German AuenwŠlder) also in
Anatolia, at least by then.
Sardegna
Sardinia (another Tyrrhenian
colony ?)
Ancient
Sardis modern Sardes on the ancient Hermos modern Gediz Nehr might have been
the home of early kings known under the collective name of Tyrrhenus, worshipper(s)
of the overcomer TYR (Sseyr Sseus Zeus), a son of REO (Rheia Rhea and maybe the
alpine Rheitia in Switzerland). Those kings would have built a tower on the
acropolis of Sardis, and this tower would later have named the place, capital
of Lydia under Gyges
TYR DHAG the overcomer TYR is able DhAG
NOS RAG his mind NOS outstanding, towering
RAG
with
a pun, TYR meaning both the heavenly overcomer and the earthly king (cf. the Tiryns side of the Phaistos
Disc as deciphered by Derk Ohlenroth, and consider the former Round Building on
the acropolis of Tiryns, a tower with a shrine of Sseyr, Middle Helladic form
of Zeus).
As
Leroy-Gourhan so convincingly demonstrated, the line of head and back of an
animal in cave art, evoking the entire animal, was the first line drawn by a
Stone Age painter. The name of that line would have been RAG (a permutation of
GRA for a decorated cave, accounting for graphics), among the many derivatives
Greek rakhos Old English ryc German RŸcken 'back', German ragen 'to tower'
Ÿberragen 'to tower above, be outstanding, brillant', Latin rex 'king' regina
'queen', Sanskrit raj 'king'. TYR DhAG would have become Sardis Sardes, TYR
DhAG NOS Sardegna Sardinia, and NOS RAG noraghe (plural) for the towers on Sardegna Sardinia
(Noraghen Culture).
This
may indicate that several early kings from Sardis in Lydia sailed westward,
formed colonies in Etruria and Sardinia, while a further Tyrrhenus may have
reached the Swiss Alps where his people named three rivers that spring not far
from each other, the Rhenus Rhine, Reuss, and Rhodanus Rh™ne. TYR Sseyr ...
accounts for French Sieur Monsieur, English Sire Sir, German Herr, and
Sursilvan Sara (one of the five Rumantg idioms). And what is the origin of
Toscana Tuscany? Probably DhAG CA NOS, the able one DhAG in the sky CA has a
mind NOS of his own. Replace the able one in the sky by the overcomer and you
have TYR CA as origin of Turkey, while the TYR CA MAN Turkmenians carried out
the will of the overcomer TYR in the sky CA with their right hand MAN, and the
REO MAN Romani Romans the will of the river goddess REO (the early Roman kings
were Etruscans), and the speakers of Rumantg the will of REO Rheia Rhea in her
alpine emanation, REO DHAG Rheitia the able one who guides the riding archers
RYT and make them overcome TYR in her name. A riding archer is shown among the
rock carvings of Corschennas, above the confluence of the two Upper Rhines at
Sils in the Domleschg; above the riding archer a majestic ring-cross, emblem of
REO.
DhAG
CA NOS Tuscania, and TYR CA NOS Tarquinia, are Etruscan towns in Southern
Etruria. DhAG meaning able would also have named the boy Tages who appeared out
of nowhere and founded the so-clled Etruscan disciplina of reading signs and
messages and prophesies in the flight of birds, in the occurrence of flashes,
and in pecularities of the liver of a sacrificed sheep. Can the 'disciplina' go
back to TYR DhAG Sardis Sardes? did a swarm of birds flying westward advice
Tyrrhenus to wander, ride and sail in the same direction, taking some of his
people with him?
One
of the most interesting Sardinian bronzes found in Etruscan graves is a richly
decorated little ship with the bow of a stag (CER MmOS Hermes alias TYR MmOS
Turms, the Etruscan Hermes), with a standing man and several animals, evoking
an 'arch of Noah' (Vetulonia, Tomba del Duce).
Trossulum (a further horse formula ?)
A
unit of 300 riding archers of the Roman cavalry was named trossuli, after the
Etruscan town of Trossulum conquered by the Romans. The meaning of that name is
unknown. If Trossulum was a center of horses and riders, the original name of
that place – or an older center of horses and riders in Lydia, or even
farther east – could have been
TYR RYT SAL LAS
the horse as overcomer
TYR
ridden by an archer
RYT
gets across the watery
ground SAL of a valley
and over hills and
mountains LAS
Remember
RYT meaning spear thrower, archer, accounting for German Ross und Reiter 'horse
and rider', and RYT TYR for Ritter 'knight', originally a riding archer.
Remember
also TYR NOS tamna for the Etruscan horse, an overcomer TYR with a mind NOS of
its own, full of vitality, needed by the sun horse for climbing the sky in the
morning, and for traversing the Underworld by night. Horses were of high
prestige for the Etruscan aristocrats, and may also have carried their souls
(in a symbolic manner) to the beyond (Tomba del Barone, Tarquinia).
A
peculiar element of Etruscan iconography are birds like a duck or a crane on
the croup of a horse, interpreted as emblems of the Underworld. Water birds
don't only fly and swim, they can also dive, and lakes must have been seen as
entrances to the Underworld, as in Celtic mythology. The stamped metopes on a
large pithos (vessel for storing big amounts of food) found in a tomb show a
horse with a rider and a crane behind him on the croup of the horse, apparently
on a journey through the Underworld to the beyond – a heavenly beyond
reached on the wings of the crane that become wings of the horse.
Back
to the hypothetical horse formula TYR RYT SAL LAS. The first half, TYR RYT,
might have survived in Turkish tiris 'trot, gait of a horse between a walk and
a run' (each i without a dot, pronounced like e in German laufen and in English
father).
---
A
postscript ending the long series of messages on words and compounds for the
horse. The consent was that horses were first domesticated by the Yamnaya north
of the Black Sea (the Pontic steppes, in my opinion, having been the third IE
homeland). A new discovery indicates the Botai in Kazakhstan as the first horse
tamers (the Uralic steppes having been the second IE homeland). Now I wait for
another discovery that will make the Early Bronze Age dwellers on the middle
course of the Amu Darya (first IE homeland) the tamers of small and sturdy
pony-like horses used for carrying loads up a hill or mountain slope, and this
before the Botai and Yamnaya tamed and domesticated their mutually different
horses for the purpose of riding and pulling a wagon or a plough.
